Bacteriocins are natural antibiotics produced by bacteria against other bacteria. I have just added these to the end products. I would expect a microbiome dysbiosis may result from or be seen as a shift in bacteriocins.

Looking at a few of the symptoms subsets, for example: Neurocognitive: Can only focus on one thing at a time I see some significant shifts for a population of 46″

When I tried Join pain alone.  The significance numbers dropped a lot.

In the above cases, the amount of these 2 bacteriocins were a lot higher then those seen in our health reference subset.

I will leave my readers to explore, I just wanted to call out this addition.

This study provided this sweet chart

Prebiotics:

• Polysaccharides from Aloe vera may boost the growth of beneficial gut bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp., says a new study from Chile that supports the prebiotic potential of the compounds. [src]

Disease

• “An international team of researchers has found evidence that suggests certain types of oral bacteria may cause or exacerbate bowel disorders. In their paper published in the journal Science, the group describes testing the impact of introducing bacteria found in the mouths of humans to mice models.” [src]
  • “In the first experiment, the researchers introduced human saliva from people with Crohn’s disease into the guts of mice with a sterilized gut microbiome. Doing so, they found, led to gut inflammation in some cases. A closer look revealed the bacteria responsible for the inflammation was Klebsiella pneumoniae, “
• Analyses in mice suggest that dietary salt increases blood pressure partly by affecting some of the microbes that inhabit the gut. The implications of this work for hypertension warrant further study in humans [src]
  • “High salt may additionally drive autoimmunity by inducing T helper 17 (TH17) cells, which can also contribute to hypertension. Induction of TH17 cells depends on gut microbiota; however, the effect of salt on the gut microbiome is unknown. Here we show that high salt intake affects the gut microbiome in mice, particularly by depleting Lactobacillus murinus. Consequently, treatment of mice with L. murinus prevented salt-induced aggravation of actively induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and salt-sensitive hypertension by modulating TH17 cells. In line with these findings, a moderate high-salt challenge in a pilot study in humans reduced intestinal survival of Lactobacillus spp., increased TH17 cells and increased blood pressure. Our results connect high salt intake to the gut–immune axis and highlight the gut microbiome as a potential therapeutic target to counteract salt-sensitive conditions.”
• “They compared mice with different variants of the APOE gene, which is strongly linked to Alzheimer’s risk in people. Once again, the researchers found distinct differences in the microbial profiles of the mouse strains, suggesting that “gut microbiome is associated with APOE genotype,” at least in this particular mouse model, ” [src]
• “Recent studies into the microbiome have provided support to the concept that altered gut flora could promote the development and maintenance of symptoms in IBS.(1)<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734998/> It has been reported that IBS subjects have a lower diversity of gut microbiota compared to healthy controls.(2)<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202342/> A seven week study of healthy subjects found that those who experienced abdominal pain had significantly less of the beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium compared to those without pain.(3)<http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0023035>
• Gut bacteria may be responsible for age-related inflammation, mouse study suggests. Young mice developed low-grade chronic inflammation after receiving gut bacteria transplanted from old mice, reported a new study in Frontiers in Immunology [Src]
• A new study highlights the link between sleep habits, gut microbiome composition and cognitive flexibility in healthy older adults, but could probiotics benefit sleep-related cognitive issues? [src]
• “Molecular biologists from Stellenbosch University analysed microbial DNA that they extracted from stool samples of people with PTSD and those who experienced trauma but haven’t developed the disorder. They found that individuals with PTSD had lower levels of three specific gut bacteria.The bacteria, called Actinobacteria, Lentisphaerae and Verrucomicrobia, support the functioning of the immune system. ” [src]
• “The results revealed that the bacterial compositions of the pancrelipase-treated mice were significantly different from those of the control samples. Akkermansia muciniphila, a key beneficial bacterium in the intestinal tract, showed a higher relative abundance in the pancrelipase-treated samples than in the control samples. Lactobacillus reuteri, a widely used probiotic bacterium known to relieve intestinal inflammation, also showed a higher relative abundance in the pancrelipase-treated samples. ” [src]
• “<p>When the subjects were divided by their level of intestinal bacteria, it was found that people with a high proportion of Prevotella  bacteria in relation to Bacteroides bacteria lost 3.5 kg more in 26 weeks when they ate a diet composed by the New Nordic Diet principles compared to those consuming an Average Danish Diet. [src]
  • “Probiotic supplementation with various strains of Lactobacillus have been shown to induce a small but statistically significant weight loss in the obese and overweight, according to a new review and meta-analysis.” [src]

Probiotics

• “Lactobacillus reuteri suppresses inflammation-associated colon carcinogenesis in mice by histamine production “[Src]

I have not been keeping up with my review of the latest news.  It’s time to do some catch-up. This covers news from July and August.

• • The most interesting is this study looking at the bacteriocins (antibiotics produced by bacteria against other bacteria)
    

• Small intestine bacteria key in fat uptake, suggests mouse data
• A Dietary Fiber-Deprived Gut Microbiota Degrades the Colonic Mucus Barrier and Enhances Pathogen Susceptibility [src]
• Consuming 25 grams of cricket powder per day may alter specific populations of beneficial gut bacteria, a double-blind, randomized crossover trial conducted at Colorado State University indicated. [src]
• High Dose Vitamin D supplementation alters faecal microbiome and predisposes mice to more severe colitis [src]
• “Drinking tart cherry juice may improve gut health, says new study (5 days, 8 oz. daily) “[src] NOTE: Difference of impact:
  ” In the human study, two distinct and inverse responses to tart cherry consumption were associated with initial levels of Bacteroides. High-Bacteroides individuals responded with a decrease in Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium, and an increase of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus and Collinsella. Low-Bacteroides individuals responded with an increase in Bacteroides or Prevotella and Bifidobacterium, and a decrease of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcus and Collinsella.”
• Lactobacillus murinus could protect against the damaging effects of a high-salt diet. [src]
• ” by feeding indigestible starch, involved a species that cannot itself degrade the starch (Bifidobacterium animalis) but cohabits with a species that can (Bifidobacterium pseudolongum). B. pseudolongum has the characteristics of a keystone species in the community because it had low abundance but high ability to perform a critical function, the hydrolysis of resistant starch.” [src]
• Scientific Analysis Shows Probiotic Use is Associated with Fewer Antibiotic Prescriptions [src]
• ” the mechanisms that gut bacterial species use to jostle for space and resources and maintain their populations in the face of intense and varied competition. Bacteria have evolved a range of antibiotics, bacteriocins, toxins, and delivery devices to enable interspecies conflict. These interbacterial weapons possess a spectrum of specificities and range from those that target strains of their own species to broad-acting bacteriocides.” [src]
• Disease
  • “Does Parkinson’s Begin in the Gut? – Scientific American“
  • A new study has shown that a single genetic change in a bacterium of the gut microbiome can lead to metabolic diseases such as obesity. [src]
  • Probiotics for Depression | Psychology Today

A reader forward the announcement to me. Unfortunately, the trial is limited  for C.Diff

Criteria:

• Are 18 years of age or older
• Are experiencing recurrent Clostridium difficile infection (C. diff or CDI)
• Have responded to CDI antibiotic therapy for the most recent CDI episode
• Do not have a history or diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

As with many trials, you must be in an appropriate location.

Outside of the trial (i.e. with a cooperative physician):

Pricing: Each recommended dose of 30 capsules plus a safety test capsule costs $635. OpenBiome’s standard shipping charges and policies apply. [src]

I have been very busy with the http://microbiomeprescription.azurewebsites.net and have not had time to do my usual review (I have several partial drafts waiting which I will try to get finished soon).

• “The results indicate a total of seven single or multiple-strain formulations favoring the probiotic treatment group, with the strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG being the most effective [relative risk ratio of probiotic versus placebo 0.30 (95% CI 0.16–0.5) ]. ” i.e. 30% of patients do better.[Src]
• “probiotic strain Bifidobacterium breve B-3 may help reduce body fat levels in healthy pre-obese adults” [src] i.e. not proven
• ” clinical trials on probiotics for depression and anxiety have been heterogeneous in terms of dosing, probiotic strain selection and length of treatment”[src]
• “Fructophilic Lactic Acid Bacteria, a Unique Group of Fructose-Fermenting Microbes<https://aem.asm.org/content/84/19/e01290-18?etoc>
  Fructophilic lactic acid bacteria (FLAB) ” [src]
• ” the authors develop a low-cost, paper-based synthetic biology platform that allows species-specific quantification of bacterial mRNAs and clinically relevant host biomarkers.” [src]
• ” the primary gallate-decarboxylating microbial phyla in the intestinal microbiota were Firmicutes (74.6%), Proteobacteria (17.6%), and Actinobacteria (7.8%). These reads corresponded to 53 genera, i.e., 47% of the bacterial genera detected previously in these samples. Among these genera, Anaerostipes and Klebsiella accounted for the majority of reads (40%)…no gallate decarboxylase homologs were identified from representatives of Bacteroidetes. .” [src]
• ” key findings from studies that investigate the impact and benefits of HMOs, with a focus on 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL), the most abundant HMO found in human milk.”[src]
• An 85 gram (g) serving of white mushrooms may be enough to trigger a prebiotic, gut health-boosting action that could lower the risk of Type 2 diabetes [src]
• Physical activity and the affect on maternal and fetal gut microbiome<http://blog.dnagenotek.com/microbiome/physical-activity-and-the-affect-on-maternal-and-fetal-gut-microbiome>
• The Complete Guide to the Science of the Microbiome<https://endpoints.elysiumhealth.com/microbiome-explainer-e345658db2c>
• FMT
  • “‘Good bacteria’ found in infant faeces could form the basis of a probiotic supplement that could help lower disease risk as researchers point to babies’ good health and absence of age-related diseases as good starting points.”[src] Baby faeces for FMT?????
  • “Twenty-one subjects were analyzed, with a median age of 12 years, of whom 57% and 28% demonstrated clinical response at 1 and 6 months post-FMT, respectively. ” [src]  In other words. FMT have poor odds of persisting.
  • Could an East Bay startup’s ‘poop pill’ reset your pet’s gut? [src]
  • The brave new world of DIY faecal transplant – BBC News<https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27503660>
• Disease and
  • “Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) often have non-motor symptoms related to gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction, such as constipation and delayed gastric emptying, which manifest prior to the motor symptoms of PD.. Increasing evidence indicates that changes in the composition of the gut microbiota may be related to the pathogenesis of PD” [src]
  • Acne vulgaris was first proposed to have a gastrointestinal mechanism in 1930 by dermatologists Stokes and Pillsbury,  [src]
  • Antibiotics as Instigators of Microbial Dysbiosis: Implications for Asthma and Allergy [src]
  • Oral microbiome disparity linked to pneumonia amongst elderly:  [src]
  • Genetic risk, dysbiosis, and treatment stratification using host genome and gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease<https://www.nature.com/articles/ctg201758>
• Probiotics — Good or Bad?
  • News<https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27503660>
  • No BBC, probiotics are not ‘quite useless'<https://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Article/2018/09/07/No-BBC-probiotics-are-not-quite-useless#.W5Kq-17WKmI.linkedin>
  • ” But, again, probiotic treatment appeared to slow the return to baseline and extend the timeframe of dysbiosis, the researchers reported.” [src]
  • “Cryptosporidiosis, a leading etiology of infant diarrhea, is caused by apicomplexan parasites classified in the genus Cryptosporidium….mice treated with probiotic developed a more severe infection. ” [src]
• DNA – inherited microbiome
  • “In Goodrich et al. (2014), we increased the power to detect heritable microbiota with a 16S rRNA gene-based analysis of 416 twin pairs. As observed for the Missouri twin studies, the UniFrac distances for MZ twins were slightly less than for DZ twins, but due to the greater sample size, the difference reached statistical significance. Importantly, the greater number of subjects allowed us to identify taxa with significant heritabilities. Among common taxa (those found in at least 50% of samples), the most heritable was the family Christensenellaceae (phylum Firmicutes), ” [src]
  • Human Genetics Shape the Gut Microbiome – ScienceDirect<https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867414012410>